ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE (AMR)
a global health & development threat
In 2019, WHO declared AMR one of the top 10 global public health threats facing humanity. Annually, AMR infections results in an estimated 1.27 million deaths worldwide which is more than malaria and HIV/AIDS.
What is Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) ?
Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites change over time and no longer respond to medicines making infections harder to treat and increasing the risk of disease spread, severe illness and death.
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Annual Deaths due to AMR
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Deaths associated to AMR
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Deaths in Sub-sahara Africa
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What is AMR?
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a natural change that occurs in germs (microbes) making them survive in the presence of drugs acting against them (antimicrobials). This results in medicines become ineffective and infections persisting in the body, increasing the risk of spread to others.
What are antimicrobials?
Antimicrobials are drugs used to prevent and treat infections caused by bacteria, parasites, fungi and virus in human, animal and plants. There are four types of antimicrobials;
What are superbugs?
Superbugs are bacteria, parasites, virus or fungi germs that have the ability to survive in presence of antimicrobials. These microorganisms causing diseases are difficult or in some instances impossible to treat because antimicrobials are powerless against them.
How does antimicrobial resistance occur?
Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites change their genetic make up over time and to develop abilities to survive in the conditions of the surrounding environment. This makes the microbes adapt and survive in presence of antimicrobials. Drug resistant microorganisms (Superbugs) can transmit the ability to the offspring and other microorganisms in the sharing the same environment.
Do humans become resistant to antimicrobials?
No,
AMR does not make human body resistant to antimicrobials, it occurs in microbes making them resistant to drugs acting against them. Superbugs can spread from person to person or between people and animals, including from food of animal origin.
What contributes to the development and spread of AMR?
AMR occurs naturally in bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. However, human actions and habits accelerates the rate of the development and spread of superbugs. The main drivers include;
How are antimicrobials misused?
Globally up to 50% of antibiotics are prescribed inappropriately. Over 60% are sold without prescription.
When bacteria, fungi, virus or parasites are exposed to antimicrobials in suboptimal dosage, in excess, for too long or when they not required, they can change to become superbugs. Antimicrobials misuse occurs in the human health, animal health and community set up through;
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6440589/#:~:text=Importance,respiratory%20tract%20infections%20(ARTI). Milani, R. V. et. al 2019
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33171743/ Batista AD, et. al
Why is antimicrobial resistance a problem?
Infections resulting from antimicrobial resistant microbes are difficult or even in some instance impossible to treat. This leads to long hospital stays, high cost of healthcare and increased life threatening complications and deaths. With the discovery of antibiotics infections could be treated with ease, surgeries were made possible and lives were saved. AMR threatens not only the health system but also the sustainable food system. Rise in superbugs results to increased cost of food production, unsafe food for human consumption and food insecurity.
What can you do to prevent antimicrobial resistance?
AMR is a complex issue that cuts across multiple sectors and it requires a collaborative one health approach to tackle the crisis. Everyone has a role to play;
What is One Health approach?
One health is a collaborative, multisectoral, and transdisciplinary approach working at the local, regional, national and global levels with the goal of achieving optimal health outcomes recognizing the interconnection between people, animals, plants and their shared environment.